Use numerals for dates; for decimals; for house, apartment, and room numbers; for street or avenue numbers; for telephone numbers; for page numbers; for percentages; for sums of money involving both dollars and cents; and to emphasize the exact time of day or when A.
Clues to the meaning of an unfamiliar word can be found in its context. Context clues include definitions, the meaning stated; example, the meaning explained through one familiar case; comparison, similarity to a familiar word; contrast, opposite of a familiar word; and cause and effect, a reason and its results. The meaning of a word can be obtained from its base word, its prefix, or its suffix. The i comes before the e, except when both letters follow a c or when both letters are pronounced together as an a — sound.
However, many exceptions exist to this rule. An unstressed vowel is a vowel sound that is not emphasized when the word is pronounced. Determine how to spell this sound by comparing it to a known word. When joining a prefix that ends in the same letter as the word, keep both consonants. When adding a suffix that begins with a consonant to a word that ends in silent e, generally keep the e. If the suffix begins with a vowel or y, generally drop the e.
If the suffix begins with a or o and the word ends in ce or ge, keep the e. If the suffix begins with a vowel and the word ends in ee or oe, keep the e. When adding -ly to a word that ends in a single l, keep the l.
If it ends in a double l, drop one l. When forming compound words, maintain the spelling of both words. Most nouns form their plurals by adding -s. However, nouns that end in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z form plurals by adding -es.
If the noun ends in -lf, change f to v and add -es. If the noun ends in -fe, change f to v and add -s. To form the plural of proper names and one-word compound nouns, follow the general rules for plurals.
To form the plural of hyphenated compound nouns or compound nouns of more than one word, make the most important word plural. Wilsons Diazes housekeepers sisters-in-law editors-in-chief Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms. Use prewriting to find ideas to write about. One form of prewriting, freewriting, starts with a subject or topic and branches off into related ideas.
Another way to find a topic is to ask and answer questions about your starting subject, helping you to gain a deeper understanding of your chosen topic. Also part of the prewriting stage is determining who your readers or audience will be and deciding your purpose for writing. To complete your first draft, organize your prewriting into an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Concentrate on unity and coherence of the overall piece. Revise your composition if necessary. Read through your draft, looking for places to improve content and structure.
Remember that varying your sentence patterns and lengths will make your writing easier and more enjoyable to read. In the editing stage, check your grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Focus on expressing your ideas clearly and concisely. Finally, prepare your writing for presentation. Sharing your composition, or ideas, with others may take many forms: printed, oral, or graphic. Outlining 1. The two common forms of outlines are sentence outlines and topic outlines.
Choose one type of outline and keep it uniform throughout. A period follows the number or letter of each division. Each point in a sentence outline ends with a period; the points in a topic outline do not. Each point begins with a capital letter. A point may have no fewer than two subpoints. This is the main point. Main point A. This is a subpoint of I. Subpoint of I 1. This is a detail of A.
Detail of A a. This is a detail of 1. Detail of 1 b. Detail of 1 2. Detail of A B. Subpoint of I II. This is another main point. Main point Writing Letters 1. Personal letters are usually handwritten in indented form first line of paragraphs, each line of the heading and inside address, and the signature are indented.
Business letters are usually typewritten in block or semiblock form. Block form contains no indents; semiblock form indents only the first line of each paragraph. Reveal your personality and imagination in colorful personal letters. Keep business letters brief, clear, and courteous. Personal letters include letters to friends and family members. Thank-you notes and invitations are personal letters that may be either formal or informal in style.
Use a letter of request, a type of business letter, to ask for information or to place an order. Be concise, yet give all the details necessary for your request to be fulfilled. Keep the tone of your letter courteous, and be generous in allotting time for a response. Use an opinion letter to take a firm stand on an issue. Make the letter clear, firm, rational, and purposeful. Be aware of your audience, their attitude, how informed they are, and their possible reactions to your opinion.
Support your statements of opinion with facts. Hoped it was lasagna. Was hot and tired afterward. Arrived just in the nick of time. She hoped it was lasagna. I jogged around the park twice. I was hot and tired afterward. Li Cheng raced to the bus stop. He arrived just in the nick of time. Make a complete sentence by adding a subject to the fragment. His assistant after lunch. The ants around in constant motion. Mammoth Cave. His assistant helped after lunch. Troubleshooter Ant farms are fascinating.
The ants crawl around in constant motion. Our class went on a field trip. Mammoth Cave was our destination. Make a complete sentence by adding a predicate.
In the nursery. The whole house smelled fresh and clean. In the morning. The noisy chatter of the squirrels awakened us early in the morning. Combine the fragment with another sentence. Need More help in avoiding sentence More fragments is available in Lesson 5. They are next to the salad bar. Make two sentences by separating the first clause from the second with end punctuation, such as a period or a question mark, and starting the second sentence with a capital letter.
Place a semicolon between the main clauses of the sentence. She passed her exam. Troubleshooter Make two sentences out of the run-on sentence. Add a comma and a coordinating conjunction between the main clauses. Julian gazed at the moon, and he marveled at its brightness.
Add a comma before the coordinating conjunction. Need More help in avoiding run-on More sentences is available in Help? Lesson 6. The house in the suburbs was just what she wanted. Make sure that the verb agrees with the subject of the sentence, not with the object of a preposition. The object of a preposition is never the subject. Troubleshooter There are the pencils you were looking for. Here are the snapshots from our vacation to the Grand Canyon. In sentences that begin with here or there, look for the subject after the verb.
Make sure that the verb agrees with the subject. Many of the movies were black and white. None of the leaves are turning colors yet. Some indefinite pronouns are singular, some are plural, and some can be either singular or plural. Determine whether the indefinite pronoun is singular or plural, and make the verb agree.
Use a plural verb if the parts of the compound subject do not belong to one unit or if they refer to different people or things. Use a singular verb if the parts of the compound subject belong to one unit or if they refer to the same person or thing. Troubleshooter Neither pepper nor spices improve the flavor of this sauce.
Either Caroline or Robin volunteers at the local food pantry. Make the verb agree with the subject that is closer to it. Need More help with subject-verb More agreement is available in Help? Lessons 50— They sailed last month for Barbados. Sally and James landed at the airport yesterday. To form the past tense and the past participle, add -ed to a regular verb.
Troubleshooter Trent drank all the orange juice. The evening breeze blew the clouds away. Irregular verbs vary in their past and past participle forms. Look up the ones you are not sure of. Consider memorizing them if you feel it is necessary. Use the past participle form of an irregular verb, and not its past form, when you use the auxiliary verb have. Henry ran with Philip, but Philip was faster. When Sarah visits Corinne, Corinne is glad for the company.
Substitute a noun for the pronoun to make your sentence clearer. Troubleshooter Nina and they bought theater tickets yesterday. Karen and I heard the good news on the television. Use a subject pronoun as the subject part of a sentence.
The new signs confused Clark and them. Grant wrote her a letter of apology. An object pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition. Lessons 22— Literature is my best subject. The words better and best are the comparative and superlative forms of the word good. Do not use the words more or most before the irregular forms of comparative and superlative adjectives.
Do not use the suffixes -er or -est after the irregular forms of comparative and superlative adjectives. Do not use -er and more together.
Need More help with the correct use More of adjectives is available in Help? Lessons 28— Jake ate dinner, watched a movie, and visited friends. If there are three or more items in a series, use a comma after each item except the last one. The interrupting words are also followed by a comma. The old lane, a tree-lined gravel path, is a great place to walk on a hot afternoon.
Decide whether the appositive is truly essential to the meaning of the sentence. If it is not essential, set it off with commas. Decide whether the clause is truly essential to the meaning of the sentence. If it is not essential, then set it off with commas. Place a comma after an introductory adverbial clause. Need More help with commas is More available in Lessons 73— Place an apostrophe before a final -s to form the possessive of a singular noun, even one that ends in -s.
Use an apostrophe by itself to form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in -s. When a plural noun does not end in -s, use an apostrophe and an -s to form the possessive of the noun. Troubleshooter Do not use apostrophes with possessive personal pronouns. Use an apostrophe to form the contraction of it is. Need More help with apostrophes More and possessives is available in Help?
Lessons 10 and Capitalize proper nouns and adjectives referring to ethnic groups, nationalities, and languages. Need More help with capitalization is More available in Lessons 68— Different kinds of sentences have different purposes.
A declarative sentence makes a statement. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a question mark. Grammar My hobby is reading mystery books. Have you ever played a mandolin? Sleet and ice kept us housebound last weekend. Do you know how to word process? How much do these sweaters cost? Those shelves smell like lemon oil. Do you think my hair is too long? Tamara worked long hours to finish her painting.
Was the English test difficult? Da-chun and his dad won the sack race. I think blue is my favorite color. The rusty hinges creaked as Grant opened the old door. Were you born in Montana, or did you move here? Could you help me with my homework tonight? Jane wiped her hand across her forehead. Clear expression is an art. Grandma is the computer games champion in our family.
Have you ever seen purple cotton candy? Did the squirrels eat all the tulip bulbs? Add correct punctuation and capitalization where needed. Grammar dec. Have you met Nadine? Can you name that tune? Zahara is visiting with her aunt this week.
Ricardo makes dinner on Tuesdays while his mom studies. Mirna lives in the apartment above Mrs. Have you taken any classes at the art museum? Will you make a copy of that photograph for me? Kenny walked across the floor on his hands. Have you heard Amelia sing her solo? Did you see that boy in the plumed hat? It begins with a capital letter and ends with an exclamation point. I aced the test! Its subject is not stated directly, but is understood to be you. Imperative sentences also begin with a capital letter and usually end with a period.
A strong command may end with Grammar an exclamation point. You Put your essay on my desk when you are finished. If a sentence is neither exclamatory nor imperative, write neither. Choose one and then pass the rest along. Please keep this to yourself. I can do it myself! Run away from trouble. Leave the dance before midnight.
Have you ever ridden in a hot-air balloon? Call in an emergency. This really makes me angry! Be particularly careful with this antique clock. We won! Be careful! Rhoda just set a record for the broad jump! The dense grass felt like smooth carpet. Let me try! Listen to me! Wear protective clothing. Kiss the Blarney Stone before you leave Ireland.
Remember to stand when Dr. Chou enters the room. Grammar exc. Please pass the honey. Joachim dressed as a chocolate bar for the costume party. Are you interested in going to a movie? Move the picnic table to the shade.
Apricot jam is a good glaze for baked ham. How clever of you! Be alert to rapidly changing weather conditions. Give me a chance! I don't believe it! Be careful. Never disturb nesting birds. Tuck your pants inside your socks when hiking. Our new neighbors moved in yesterday. Define the word monsoon. Did you notice the price of that saddle? There is a Thai restaurant around the corner from us. Hold that pose while I adjust the camera lens. What a mess your room is!
Raise the flag at sunrise. The subject of a sentence tells whom or what the sentence is about. The predicate of the sentence tells what the subject does or has. It can also tell what the subject is or is like. Grammar The simple subject, usually a noun or a pronoun, is the main word or group of words in the complete subject. The complete subject is the simple subject with all of its modifiers. The simple predicate, which is always a verb, is the main word or group of words in the complete predicate.
The complete predicate is the simple predicate with all of its modifiers. Underline each simple subject once and each simple predicate twice. Ireland is known as the Emerald Isle. The rolling, green landscape glows against its blue backdrop. Mild temperatures keep the lush vegetation deep green. Regular rainfall keeps the soil dark and moist.
Trees once added greatly to the greenness. Little woodland remains in Ireland today, however. Farmlands cover most of central Ireland. Many mountain ranges rise near the coasts. Kerry is a beautiful area of lakes and mountains. William Butler Yeats started this theater. Yeats was a memorable Irish poet and dramatist.
He lived during the time known as the Irish Literary Revival. Grammar Joyce is the most famous of the three. He often wrote about Dublin and about the Irish people.
The influence of Irish writers extended beyond their native country. George Bernard Shaw was popular in English and American theaters.
Oscar Wilde also found fame in England and the United States. Several Irish painters perfected their craft with the help of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Artists from Ireland produced great treasures over the years. Each captured the beauty of the Emerald Isle. Two or more simple subjects that have the same predicate form a compound subject.
The subjects are joined by and, or, or but. Keisha or Alex can fix that bike for you. A compound predicate has two or more simple predicates, or verbs, that have the same subject. The simple predicates are connected by and, or, or but. Grammar Wasps drink nectar and eat other insects.
Draw two lines under each part of a compound predicate. Furniture and knickknacks were available at the craft show. Sally and Mike will lead the parade. The people in the village first resisted but then accepted the new factory. New carpet or wallpaper would brighten this old kitchen. Before the show, Simon and Ashley practiced their dialogue.
The lucky quarter rolled and bounced down the steps. Lindsay and Neil filled food baskets for the homeless in their community. The speaker hesitated but soon began his presentation. Sleet or rain is predicted for the tri-state area tonight. Jake baked brownies and cooked pasta for the surprise party.
Lawson wrote, directed, and produced this musical. The crowd called and waved to the three astronauts. Leave your jacket on the coat rack or hang it in the closet. In the program, Claire and Sue were listed before Scott. Crocuses or daylilies would grow well there. Basil, olive oil, and spinach are used in that recipe. Our soccer team played hard but lost the game in the last minute. Joan, Tom, or Wing will head the decorations committee. On election day, the levy will pass or fail.
Cake and ice cream were served to all the guests. Alligators or sea lions will be the topic of her report. Books, clothes, and other items had been collected and sold at the fundraiser. Sven hurried but missed his plane. Tarini writes or phones every participant in the study once a week. The pinch hitter swung at every pitch but missed the ball each time. The Thomases and the Jordans are planning a trip to Costa Rica.
Suits and ties are worn daily at that all-boys school. The rings of Saturn and the moons of Jupiter have been seen through this telescope. A group of words that does not have both a subject and a predicate is an incomplete sentence, or sentence fragment.
The truck, an old red one. Learned about bees. Geneticist Warwick Kerr studied honeybees. In he imported some African queen bees. These bees had a savage reputation. Attacked animals and people without warning. However, African bees sting only to defend their nest.
Most stinging incidents occur during the swarming season. The hot summer months. Stinging incidents by large numbers of bees are uncommon. Kerr carefully kept the bees in enclosures. Not another beekeeper. Allowed twenty-six queens and their swarms to escape. The African bees readily nested in the wilds of Brazil. Reproducing quickly and swarming frequently. The African honeybees began to spread. In all directions. If the sentence is complete, write sent. P Honey bees, digger wasps, and red ants.
A compound sentence has two or more main clauses. A complex sentence has at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. A sentence that makes a statement is classified as a declarative sentence. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Please close the door on your way out. An interrogative sentence asks a question. When will the mail carrier arrive? An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion. Watch out! What a view that is!
Phrases 1. A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition. A prepositional phrase can act as an adjective or an adverb. The house on the hill is white. An appositive is a noun or pronoun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify it or give more information about it.
An appositive phrase is an appositive plus its modifiers. Our sister Myra is home from college. Her college, Purdue University, is in Indiana. A verbal is a verb form that functions in a sentence as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
A verbal phrase is a verbal and other words that complete its meaning. A participle is a verbal that functions as an adjective. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles usually end in -ed. The squeaking floor board gave me away. The twisted tree was ancient. A participial phrase contains a participle and other words that complete its meaning.
Moving quickly across the room, the baby crawled toward her mother. A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing. It is used in the same way a noun is used.
Sailing is a traditional vacation activity for the Andersons. A gerund phrase is a gerund plus any complements or modifiers. Walking to school is common for many school children. An infinitive is a verbal formed from the word to and the base form of a verb. It is often used as a noun. Because an infinitive acts as a noun, it may be the subject of a sentence or the direct object of an action verb.
To sing can be uplifting. An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive plus any complements or modifiers. The flight attendants prepared to feed the hungry passengers. A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. The kangaroo jumps. In inverted sentences the subject follows the verb. The sentence may begin with a prepositional phrase, the word there or here, or a form of do.
Into the pond dove the children. Does a bird have a sense of smell? There is a squeak in that third stair. Do not mistake a word in a prepositional phrase for the subject.
The glass in the window is streaked. The singular verb is agrees with the subject, glass. A title is always singular, even if nouns in the title are plural. Instant World Facts is a helpful reference book. Subjects combined with and or both need a plural verb unless the parts are of a whole unit.
When compound subjects are joined with or or nor, the verb agrees with the subject listed last. Canterbury and Coventry have famous cathedrals. A bagel and cream cheese is a filling snack. Either two short stories or a novel is acceptable for your book report. A verb must agree in number with an indefinite pronoun subject. Indefinite pronouns that are always singular: anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, and something.
Always plural: both, few, many, others, and several Either singular or plural: all, any, most, none, and some Most of the snow has melted. All of the children have eaten. The neighbors pitched in, and the job went a lot faster. We ate everything except the crust. They were altogether prepared for a heated discussion. Besides the kitchen, the den is my favorite room. Use among to show a relationship in a group. The joke was between Hilary and Megan. The conversation among the teacher, the principal, and the janitor was friendly.
Use take to show movement from a nearby place to a more distant one. You may bring your model here. Please take a brochure with you when you go. Constance can walk to school. She may ride the bus if she wishes. Celia chose the purple folder. Use less with nouns that cannot be counted. There were fewer sunny days this year. I see less fog today than I expected. Lydia formerly lived in Spain, but now she lives in New York City.
The birds nest in the trees. A bird flew into our window yesterday. Possessive pronouns never have apostrophes. The dog lives in its own house. We lay the uniforms on the shelves each day. The players lie on the floor to do their sit-ups. Minton will teach French to us next year. Dad will let me go swimming today. I did not want to lose my balance. Use much with nouns that cannot be counted. Many ants were crawling near the anthill. Marly can proceed with her travel plans.
The other kittens were quite playful. Please raise your hand if you would like to help. I left the bread in a warm spot to rise. Set can also be used to describe the sun going down.
Please sit in your assigned seats. Set those dishes down. The sun set at First get comfortable, then look the pitcher right in the eye. The Westons returned to their favorite vacation spot. Theirs is one of the latest models. You may go to the library. It is too cold for skating. There are only two days of vacation left. Where were you yesterday afternoon? Do you know whose books these are? Capitalize the first word of every sentence, including direct quotations and sentences in parentheses unless they are contained within another sentence.
Capitalize the first word in the salutation and closing of a letter. Capitalize the title and name of the person addressed. Always capitalize the pronoun I no matter where it appears in the sentence. Since I knew you were coming, I baked a cake. Capitalize the following proper nouns: a. Names of individuals, the initials that stand for their names, and titles preceding a name or used instead of a name Governor Cordoba A. Shen Aunt Margaret Dr. Harada General Diaz b.
Names and abbreviations of academic degrees, and Jr. Richard Boe, Ph. Sammy Davis Jr. Names of cities, countries, states, continents, bodies of water, sections of the United States, and compass points when they refer to a specific section of the United States Boston Dade County North Carolina Australia Amazon River the South d.
Names of ethnic groups, national groups, political parties and their members, and languages Hispanics Chinese Irish Italian Republican party 5. Capitalize proper adjectives adjectives formed from proper nouns. Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence and at the end of a polite command.
Miranda plays tennis every Tuesday. Write your name in the space provided. Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence. When will the new books arrive? Use an exclamation point to show strong feeling and indicate a forceful command. Oh, no! It was a terrific concert! Use a comma in the following situations: a. To separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series A tent, sleeping bag, and sturdy shoes are essential wilderness camping equipment.
To set off two or more prepositional phrases After the sound of the bell, we realized it was a false alarm. After an introductory participle and an introductory participial phrase Marveling at the sight, we waited to see another shooting star. After conjunctive adverbs Snow is falling; however, it is turning to sleet. To set off an appositive if it is not essential to the meaning of the sentence Mr.
Yoshino, the head of the department, resigned yesterday. To set off words or phrases of direct address Micha, have you called your brother yet? Between the main clauses of compound sentences Whiskers liked to watch the goldfish, and she sometimes dipped her paw in the bowl. After an introductory adverb clause and to set off a nonessential adjective clause Whenever we get careless, we always make mistakes.
Spelling errors, which are common, can now be corrected by computer. To separate parts of an address or a date Burma Drive, Waterbury, Connecticut She was born on February 2, , and she now lives in Bangor, Maine. Use a semicolon in the following situations: a. To join main clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction The house looks dark; perhaps we should have called first.
To separate two main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction when such clauses already contain several commas After a week of rain, the farmers around Ames, Iowa, waited hopefully; but the rain, unfortunately, had come too late. To separate main clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb or by for example or that is Jen was determined to win the race; nonetheless, she knew that it took more than determination to succeed. Use a colon to introduce a list of items that ends a sentence. Bring the following tools: hammer, speed square, and drill.
Use a colon to separate the hour and the minute in time measurements and after business letter salutations. Dear Sir: Dear Ms. Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation. When a quotation is interrupted, use two sets of quotation marks.
Use single quotation marks for a quotation within a quotation. Always place commas and periods inside closing quotation marks. Place colons and semicolons outside closing quotation marks. Place question marks and exclamation points inside closing quotation marks only when those marks are part of the quotation. Use quotation marks to indicate titles of short stories, poems, essays, songs, and magazine or newspaper articles.
Italicize underline titles of books, plays, films, television series, paintings and sculptures, and names of newspapers and magazines. Add an apostrophe and -s to form the possessive of singular indefinite pronouns, singular nouns, and plural nouns not ending in -s. Add only an apostrophe to plural nouns ending in -s to make them possessive.
Use an apostrophe in place of omitted letters or numerals. Use an apostrophe and -s to form the plural of letters, numerals, and symbols. Use a hyphen to divide words at the end of a line. Use a hyphen in a compound adjective that precedes a noun. Use a hyphen in compound numbers and fractions used as adjectives. Use a hyphen after any prefix joined to a proper noun or a proper adjective. Use a hyphen after the prefixes all-, ex-, and self- joined to a noun or adjective, the prefix anti- joined to a word beginning with i-, and the prefix vice- except in the case of vice president.
Use dashes to signal a break or change in thought. I received a letter from Aunt Carla—you have never met her—saying she is coming to visit.
Use parentheses to set off supplemental material. Punctuate within the parentheses only if the punctuation is part of the parenthetical expression. Place one gallon 3. Soga, Ph. Quentin Use the abbreviations A. Abbreviate numerical measurements in scientific writing but not in ordinary prose. The newborn snakes measured 3. Pour 45 ml warm water into the beaker. Spell out cardinal and ordinal numbers that can be written in one or two words or that appear at the beginning of a sentence.
Two hundred twenty runners crossed the finish line. Observers counted forty-nine sandhill cranes. Express all related numbers in a sentence as numerals if any one should be expressed as a numeral. There were volunteers, but only 9 showed up because of the bad weather. Spell out ordinal numbers. Nina won third place in the spelling bee. Use words for decades, for amounts of money that can be written in one or two words, and for the approximate time of day or when A.
Use numerals for dates; for decimals; for house, apartment, and room numbers; for street or avenue numbers; for telephone numbers; for page numbers; for percentages; for sums of money including both dollars and cents; and to emphasize the exact time of day or when A. Clues to the meaning of an unfamiliar word can be found in its context. Context clues include definition, the meaning stated; example, the meaning explained through one familiar case; comparison, similarity to a familiar word; contrast, opposite of a familiar word; and cause and effect, a reason and its results.
The meaning of a word can be obtained from its base word, its prefix, or its suffix. The i comes before the e, except when both letters follow a c or when both letters are pronounced together as an a— sound. However, many exceptions exist to this rule. An unstressed vowel is a vowel sound that is not emphasized when the word is pronounced.
Determine how to spell this sound by comparing it to a known word. When joining a prefix that ends in the same letter as the word, keep both consonants. When adding a suffix that begins with a consonant to a word that ends in silent e, generally keep the e. If the suffix begins with a vowel or y, generally drop the e. If the suffix begins with a or o and the word ends in ce or ge, keep the e. If the suffix begins with a vowel and the word ends in ee or oe, keep the e.
When adding -ly to a word that ends in a single l, keep the l. If it ends in a double l, drop one l. When forming compound words, maintain the spelling of both words. Most nouns form their plurals by adding -s. However, nouns that end in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z form plurals by adding -es. If the noun ends in -lf, change f to v and add -es. If the noun ends in -fe, change f to v and add -s. To form the plural of proper names and one-word compound nouns, follow the general rules for plurals.
To form the plural of hyphenated compound nouns or compound nouns of more than one word, make the most important word plural. Wilsons Diazes housekeepers sisters-in-law editors-in-chief Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms. Use prewriting to find ideas to write about. One form of prewriting, freewriting, starts with a subject or topic and branches off into related ideas.
Another way to find a topic is to ask and answer questions about your starting subject, helping you to gain a deeper understanding of your chosen topic. Also part of the prewriting stage is determining who your readers or audience will be and deciding your purpose for writing. To complete your first draft, organize your prewriting into an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Concentrate on unity and coherence of the overall piece. Revise your composition if necessary. Read through your draft, looking for places to improve content and structure. Remember that varying your sentence patterns and lengths will make your writing easier and more enjoyable to read. In the editing stage, check your grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
Focus on expressing your ideas clearly and concisely. Finally, prepare your writing for presentation. Sharing your composition, or ideas, with others may take many forms: printed, oral, or graphic.
Outlining 1. The two common forms of outlines are sentence outlines and topic outlines. Choose one type of outline and keep it uniform throughout. A period follows the number or letter of each division. Each point in a sentence outline ends with a period; the points in a topic outline do not. Each point begins with a capital letter.
A point may have no fewer than two subpoints. This is the main point. Main point A. This is a subpoint of I. Subpoint of I 1. This is a detail of A. Detail of A a. This is a detail of 1. Detail of 1 b. Detail of 1 2. Detail of A B. Subpoint of I II. This is another main point. Main point Writing Letters 1. Personal letters are usually handwritten in indented form first line of paragraphs, each line of the heading and inside address, and the signature are indented.
Business letters are usually typewritten in block or semiblock form. Block form contains no indents; semiblock form indents only the first line of each paragraph. Reveal your personality and imagination in colorful personal letters. Keep business letters brief, clear, and courteous.
Personal letters include letters to friends and family members. Thank-you notes and invitations are personal letters that may be either formal or informal in style. Use a letter of request, a type of business letter, to ask for information or to place an order. Be concise, yet give all the details necessary for your request to be fulfilled. Keep the tone of your letter courteous, and be generous in allotting time for a response.
Use an opinion letter to take a firm stand on an issue. Make the letter clear, firm, rational, and purposeful. Be aware of your audience, their attitude, how informed they are, and their possible reactions to your opinion.
Support your statements of opinion with facts. Hoped it was lasagna. Was hot and tired afterward. Arrived just in the nick of time. She hoped it was lasagna. I jogged around the park twice. I was hot and tired afterward. Li Cheng raced to the bus stop. He arrived just in the nick of time. Make a complete sentence by adding a subject to the fragment. His assistant after lunch. The ants around in constant motion.
Mammoth Cave. His assistant helped after lunch. Troubleshooter Ant farms are fascinating. The ants crawl around in constant motion. Our class went on a field trip.
Mammoth Cave was our destination. Make a complete sentence by adding a predicate. In the nursery. The whole house smelled fresh and clean. In the morning. The noisy chatter of the squirrels awakened us early in the morning.
Combine the fragment with another sentence. Need More help in avoiding sentence More fragments is available in Lesson 6. They are next to the salad bar. Make two sentences by separating the first clause from the second with end punctuation, such as a period or a question mark, and starting the second sentence with a capital letter.
Place a semicolon between the main clauses of the sentence. She passed her exam. Troubleshooter Make two sentences out of the run-on sentence. Add a comma and a coordinating conjunction between the main clauses. Julian gazed at the moon, and he marveled at its brightness.
Add a comma before the coordinating conjunction. Need More help in avoiding run-on More sentences is available in Help? Lesson 7. The house in the suburbs was just what she wanted. Make sure that the verb agrees with the subject of the sentence, not with the object of a preposition. The object of a preposition is never the subject. Troubleshooter There are the pencils you were looking for.
Here are the snapshots from our vacation to the Grand Canyon. In sentences that begin with here or there, look for the subject after the verb. Make sure that the verb agrees with the subject. Many of the movies were black and white. None of the leaves are turning colors yet. Some indefinite pronouns are singular, some are plural, and some can be either singular or plural.
Determine whether the indefinite pronoun is singular or plural, and make the verb agree. Use a plural verb if the parts of the compound subject do not belong to one unit or if they refer to different people or things. Use a singular verb if the parts of the compound subject belong to one unit or if they refer to the same person or thing. Troubleshooter Neither pepper nor spices improve the flavor of this sauce.
Either Caroline or Robin volunteers at the local food pantry. Make the verb agree with the subject that is closer to it. Need More help with subject-verb More agreement is available in Help? Lessons 48— They sailed last month for Barbados.
Sally and James landed at the airport yesterday. To form the past tense and the past participle, add -ed to a regular verb. Troubleshooter Trent drank all the orange juice. The evening breeze blew the clouds away. Irregular verbs vary in their past and past participle forms.
Look up the ones you are not sure of. Consider memorizing them if you feel it is necessary. Use the past participle form of an irregular verb, and not its past form, when you use the auxiliary verb have. Henry ran with Philip, but Philip was faster. When Sarah visits Corinne, Corinne is glad for the company. Substitute a noun for the pronoun to make your sentence clearer. Troubleshooter Nina and they bought theater tickets yesterday.
Karen and I heard the good news on the television. Use a subject pronoun as the subject part of a sentence. The new signs confused Clark and them. Grant wrote her a letter of apology. An object pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition. Lessons 25— Literature is my best subject.
The words better and best are the comparative and superlative forms of the word good. Do not use the words more or most before the irregular forms of comparative and superlative adjectives. Do not use the suffixes -er or -est after the irregular forms of comparative and superlative adjectives.
Do not use -er and more together. Need More help with the correct use More of adjectives is available in Help? Lessons 30— Jake ate dinner, watched a movie, and visited friends. Some of the worksheets for this concept are Grade 5 unit 2 grammar answers, Grammar practice book, cr14 na gp 4 u1w1d1 , Grammar and language workbook student edition, Grammar practice book, , Phonicsspelling grade 5 unit 2 week 3 answer, Proofreading 5th grade.
The PastThe Past This is when an event has already happened. It is your totally own become old to fake reviewing habit.
Have students reread the sentences to a partner to develop fluency. Use these worksheets to help students learn about singular and plural possessive nouns. Identifying Pronouns Underline all interrogative and relative pronouns in the following sentences. Children at the party scrambled for the balloons. The Daily Language Review, Student Workbook sold-separately is a convenient option which only includes the student pages no answer key and is NOT reproducible. Then write compound subject or compound predicate on the line provided.
Our third grade grammar worksheets help strengthen such skills as understanding subject-verb agreement, deciphering the main idea of a story, identifying prepositions and select pronouns, and Dec 7, - This packet was developed from the McGraw-Hill Wonders Reading Series 5th Grade. Texts students encounter over the course of the year are of high quality and interest, providing appropriately rigorous questions and tasks to engage students in each grade.
Wonders practice book grade 4 answer key - Dr seuss backpack with books, Your Turn. The materials meet the expectations of Gateway 1. Your Turn P ractice B o ok. Which of these is NOT an interjection? A Wow! C Alas! D This is cool! Verb tenses tell us when things happen. Lesson 3 Write each sentence correctly. This aligns with McGraw Hill's Grade 3 Reading Wonder's curriculum and is a nice foundation for daily grammar practice!
Reread the passage and answer the questions. Provide clear examples. With the help of Spectrum, your child will build the language arts skills necessary for a lifetime of success. VocabularySpellingCity has transformed these vocabul Grammar worksheets for grade 3. While emphasizing social and emotional skills, these programs explore up-to-date information and statistics on timely, relevant topics to help students become health-literate individuals.
Practice Book. Scholastic Success With Grammar Workbook. For classroom or at-home use, this exciting series for kids in grades 1 through 6 provides invaluable reinforcement and practice in grammar topics such as: g sentence types g verb tenses g parts of speech gsubject-verb agreement Answer Key A complete answer key begins on page Fold back the paper along the dotted line.
The dog wagged its, their tail playfully. Student Workbook Volume Discount: If you purchase workbooks, you will receive. Underline the compound subject or compound predicate. Answer 2: Salt-water fish, such as the Parrot Fish, can be very colorful. It is something I used during my Work on Writing portion of Daily 5. Grade 4. I work on these late at night and make many mistakes.
How old are you? Assertive sentence, What are the different kinds of sentences? Kind of sentence worksheets PDF for 5th grade, Practice Page, Read the sentences given below and then write whether the sentence is declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory, English Grammar Grade 5, English Grammar for class V Reading Wonders, Grade 5, Your Turn Practice Book Grammar Grade 1 Practice Book Your students will engage in their first guided practice with fresh reading selections every week!
Students can directly interact with text by underlining, circling, and highlighting text to support answers with text evidence. Why was he weeping? On these worksheets, students practice identifying the correct part of speech for specific words in sentences.
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